表示溶液中氢离子的浓度。

具有吸引和保持带电粒子能力的合成树脂。

带电粒子附着在离子交换剂表面和孔隙中的化学活性基团上。

将原糖与温的浓糖浆混合，除去糖晶体上的糖蜜涂层。

表示溶液中存在的总碱性阴离子（羟基）。碱度也代表（特别是在水分析中）碳酸氢盐、碳酸盐，偶尔还代表硼酸盐、硅酸盐和磷酸盐，它们会与水反应生成羟基。

同时具有亲水性和亲脂性的化合物。

Separation and measurement of component parts.

带负电的离子。

一个带负电荷的粒子被阴离子交换材料上的另一个带负电荷的粒子置换。

Using water as a solvent.

800℃ 焚烧后树脂的残留无机物含量。 

树脂床中一个颗粒与另一个颗粒之间的摩擦；摩擦磨损会影响树脂颗粒大小。

Pressure exerted against a flow.

水通过树脂床向上流动（即在交换单元的底部流入，在顶部流出），用于清洁并对失效后的床层进行重新分级。

羟基形式的阳离子或化合物，可以中和酸。

某些不溶性天然存在的物质（沸石）所表现出的阳离子交换性质，经发展在合成树脂吸附剂中表现出高度特异性和高效性。

利用离子交换树脂来处理容器中的溶液，其中离子的去除是通过搅拌溶液，随后倾析处理过的液体来完成的。 

包含在柱中的离子交换树脂。

交换器经过适当调节以实现有效运行后，柱中树脂材料的高度。

反冲洗过程中产生的效应。树脂颗粒分离并在柱中上升。由于树脂颗粒之间空间增加而导致的床层膨胀可通过调节反冲洗流量来控制。

流速的快慢与柱中树脂体积有关。

溶液中存在由于碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐水解而产生的羟基 (OH-) 离子。当这些盐与水反应时，会产生强碱和弱酸，溶液呈碱性。碳酸氢根离子是几乎所有水的主要致碱因素。

在特定时间段内的一定温度下需氧生物有机体分解给定水样中存在的有机物质所需的溶解氧量。

从离子交换单元流出的溶液中首次出现非吸附离子，这些离子类似于那些消耗树脂床活性的离子。穿透表明树脂的再生是必需的。 

盐浓度很高的任何溶液，例如氯化钠。

消除饱和盐水的硬度 - 通常与使用膜或汞电池产生氯气有关。

离子交换材料吸附离子的能力。通常以千格令/立方英尺或毫克当量/毫升表示。

也称为有效容量；加载运行过程中离子交换位点的数量发生改变。实际离子交换操作中所使用的总容量的一部分。

总容量的一部分，可分解中性盐；也称为“强碱”容量。

树脂可以容纳的最大理论离子量或交换位点的总数。

通过煤、褐煤、泥煤等磺化制备的容量有限的离子交换材料；有助于去除碳质材料中的碳。

描述特定酸性基团 (COOH) 的术语，该基团可帮助某些树脂阳离子交换。如韦氏词典所定义，是有机酸典型的单价官能团或自由基 -COOH。

带正电的离子。

由于错误的操作程序而导致床层开裂和开沟，在这种情况下，被处理的溶液沿着阻力最小的路径，穿过这些开沟，并且无法接触床层其他部位的活性基团。

通过使用含有相对较高浓度的其他离子的溶液从离子交换材料中去除被吸附的离子；通过溶剂冲洗，从另一种物质中提取一种物质的过程。

耐化学变化性。尽管与腐蚀性溶液接触，重要的是离子交换树脂仍具有化学稳定性。 

色谱法是一种物理分离方法，可将各组分在两相之间进行分配从而达到分离的目的，一个相固定，另一个相沿确定的方向移动。

By backwash to obtain a resin bed that is graduated in resin size from coarse on the bottom to fine on the top.

To bring together small particles into a single larger mass that can be filtered or settled out.

一组相关的方向相同的并行液流，通常发生在网络多阶段任务的两个阶段之间。

由非常小的颗粒组成，不能通过正常过滤去除。韦氏词典定义：一种物质，由分散在另一种物质中的颗粒组成，这些颗粒太小，无法用普通的光学显微镜分辨，但不能穿过半透膜。

穿过离子交换材料的液体变色；从树脂间隙冲洗痕量的有色有机反应中间体。

柱中离子交换树脂的常规利用是通过待处理的溶液沿着柱子向上或向下流动实现的。

离子交换树脂，用于去除或交换离子以及过滤凝结水，以便在蒸汽循环中重复使用；树脂基离子交换系统，通常用于电厂凝结水系统，以去除溶解污染物和悬浮污染物。

The ability of electric current to flow through water as a measure of its ion content in mhos or micromhos.

沿相反方向流动的液流。

Intermixing of one resin with another of opposite charge or of two water streams.

单体或一组单体结合形成不溶性三维树脂基体的程度；连接复杂分子中两个相邻原子链的侧键。

离子交换操作的完整过程。例如，一个完整的阳离子交换循环包括：再生床的失效、反冲洗、再生和冲洗以去除多余的再生剂。

Tanks used to hold diluted regenerant chemicals prior to being educted or pumped to the resin bed.

通过离子交换树脂吸附可构成盐的阳离子和阴离子，从而从溶液中去除无机盐。参见去离子。

A system to remove dissolved gas or gases from water.

涉及反应性分子或离子失去水分的一种转化。脱水反应是一种常见过程，是水合反应的逆过程。

去离子，一个比脱灰更通用的术语，包括从溶液中去除所有带电成分或可电离盐（无机盐和有机盐）。见脱灰。 

给定体积的交换材料的重量被反冲洗并在柱中放置到位。

The state of being spread out or transmitted especially by contact. For example, ions diffusing through ion exchange resin beads.

电解质或盐溶解在水中后的电离过程，形成阳离子和阴离子。韦氏词典定义：一种化学化合物分解成相似成分的过程。

A difunctional monomer used to cross-link polymers.

离子交换柱操作中待处理溶液的常规流动方向；由柱顶部流入，经柱底部流出。

除去液体后剩余的物质（通常用重量百分比表示）。 

An ion exchange reaction taking place as the water moves past ion exchange resins.

Empty bed contact time, i.e., the hydraulic residence time in an empty bed of the same volume as the media including voids.

A device that, by flow of water through it creating a vacuum, draws a solution into the water stream.

离子交换器工作性能的有效性。离子的吸附效率表示去除特定单位重量的被吸附物质所需的再生剂数量。例如，去除每千格令盐所耗的酸磅数。

从离子交换柱出来（流出）的溶液。

Conductive materials, placed in water solution, which have a positive or negative charge.

一种化合物，可在水中解离或离子化，从而产生能传导电流的溶液；酸、碱或盐。韦氏词典定义：当溶解在合适溶剂中或熔融时可成为离子导体的物质。 
 

Where the positive charges equal the negative charges.

一种带正电或中性的物种，其空轨道被富电子中心吸引。它通过接受一个电子对与亲核试剂结合而参与化学反应。

通过使用含有相对较高浓度的其他离子溶液从离子交换材料中去除被吸附的离子。更一般地说，是通过溶剂冲洗，从另一种物质中提取一种物质的过程。  

A preselected value or measurement used to determine when the service cycle is completed or that a breakthrough has occurred.

可电离化合物之间的相互作用，在这种相互作用中所得到的产物趋向于恢复为形成它们的物质，直到达到平衡，反应物和产物都以一定的比例存在。 

以克、磅等表示的任何元素或自由基的分子量除以价数；根据韦氏词典，特定物质可与八克氧或一克氢化合，或在化学上等同于八克氧或一克氢的质量（特别是以克计）。

离子交换树脂上阴离子或阳离子反应性（官能）基团；位于整个聚合物基体中。

一种离子在交换剂上被置换为另一种离子的速度。 

树脂不再能够进行有效离子交换；交换剂的可用离子供应不足。失效点可根据以下标准任意确定：

(a) 流出液中离子值为百万分之几
(b) 通过可测量水电阻的电导电桥确定流出水的质量下降。

Giving off heat in a reaction or solution of a substance.

Extending information beyond the point where proven data is available.

极小的离子交换材料颗粒。

Materials that can form gelatinous clouds of precipitate to enclose fine particles of suspended dirt to settle them from the water.

在给定时间内通过给定量树脂的溶液量。通常以每立方英尺树脂每分钟加仑数、每毫升树脂每分钟毫升数、或每分钟每平方英尺树脂加仑数表示。在给定时间内通过给定量树脂的溶液量。通常以每立方英尺树脂每分钟加仑数、每毫升树脂每分钟毫升数、或每分钟每平方英尺树脂加仑数表示。 

游离无机酸酸度，或无机酸的总和。

A tower in which water droplets descend through a flow of air blown upwards to remove gases such as carbon dioxide.

固体表面上积累的多余物质有损功能。污染物质可以由生物体或非生命物质组成。未能对被污染的树脂进行清洁将会导致树脂寿命大大缩短。

A regenerated form of a weakly basic anion resin.

在离子交换柱中树脂床的上方提供的空间，允许反冲洗过程中的床层膨胀。

Granular activated carbon.

离子交换树脂，由牢固的凝胶结构组成，呈固态珠粒形式，允许离子通过凝胶扩散。 

质量单位，0.0648 克；通常用于测量水的硬度。

溶液中物质浓度的表示，通常以碳酸钙计；水的硬度单位。每加仑一格令（以碳酸钙计）相当于百万分之 17.1。每美制加仑一格令相当于 0.017118061 kg/m3

当量（以克计），除以 1000。

可保留在 50 目筛上的活性炭。活性炭是一种有效吸附剂，因为它是一种高度多孔材料，表面积较大，污染物可吸附在上面。

Measurement by weight.

地下水在净化过程中通常被金属等污染，这些污染需要减少。 

钙和镁离子含量高的水具有形成水垢和抑制泡沫的特性。由于碳酸氢镁或碳酸氢钙的存在而产生的硬度之所以称为暂时硬度，因为它可以通过煮沸水将碳酸氢钙转化为不溶性碳酸盐来去除。硫酸钙、硫酸镁和这两种金属的氯化物会产生永久硬度。

The expression ascribed to the value obtained when the hardness forming salts are calculated in terms of equivalent quantities of calcium carbonate, a convenient method of reducing all salts to a common basis for comparison.

与溶液通过交换材料床有关的液体压力降低；是对通过树脂床的液体的流动阻力的量度。

离子交换单元中树脂颗粒的重排。当反冲洗水向上流过树脂床时，颗粒处于可移动状态，其中较大的颗粒沉降，较小的颗粒升至床顶部。韦氏词典定义：通过小颗粒在不同流速的淡水上升流中是否可沉降，来对小颗粒进行分级。

阳离子交换操作的完整过程，其中吸附剂以氢或游离酸形式使用。 

The splitting of a salt and water into its ions and formation of a weak acid or base, or both. As in ion exchange:
R^-NH₄⁺OH-R^-H⁺ + NH₄⁺OH^- where R- is a WAC resin.

A device to measure specific gravity of fluids.

用于描述阴离子自由基 (OH-) 的术语，它造成溶液有碱度，存在于醇和许多其他有机化合物中。 

某些糖类脱水形成的有机化合物。5(羟甲基)-2-糠醛是葡萄糖分解产生的色素的前体，因此也有助于糖的显色。HMF 是在高温下与 H+ 形式的强酸阳离子树脂接触时产生的。 

A resin with no reactive groups.

进入（流入）离子交换单元的溶液。

当半径足够小的原子位于金属晶格的间隙“孔”中时形成的化合物。较小的原子被困在晶体基质中原子之间的空间（称为空隙）中。

由于失去或获得一个或多个电子而具有净电荷的原子或分子。

The interchange of one ion in solution with another ion on an insoluble material.

原子或分子通过获得或失去电子而获得负电荷或正电荷的过程，通常伴随着其他化学变化

An expression in absolute units of the extent of dissociation into ions of a chemical compound in solution; the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction known as dissociation in the context of acid-base reactions. 

Also known as the dissociation constant, the ionization constant uses the symbol K to describe the equilibrium between ions and molecules that are not ionized in a solution or liquid. 

一种过滤方法，其中在每次运行过滤器之前，先应用硅藻土来预涂筛网。此方法用于水处理时最有效。DE 过滤的流出水质取决于流入水质和所用 DE 的质量（或等级）。   

硅藻土是一种非金属材料或粉末，由干燥的硅藻材料制成；在许多化学操作中用作过滤剂、吸附剂和研磨剂。

重量单位；一千格令。

The effects of forces on the motion of matter, of concern with the velocity or speed of reactions.

一种离子交换柱，两种不同的树脂彼此交替叠置，中间有再生剂收集器。

两个容器串联使用以达到更好的质量并最大化超前柱上的装载（通常在特殊应用中使用）。

运行超前滞后时使第三个容器处于再生或备用状态；当柱完全耗尽并进入再生状态时，滞后柱将成为超前柱，而备用柱将成为精处理器。

当溶液通过再生不足的交换树脂床时，一些流入离子不被吸附或交换而出现在流出物中的现象。

当两个相邻原子中的电子占据使原子形成暂时偶极子的位置时产生的暂时吸引力。它是最微弱的分子间作用力。 

树脂具有刚性聚合物多孔网络，即使在干燥后也存在真实的孔隙结构。这些孔大于原子距离，不是凝胶结构的一部分。 

一团浓稠的糖晶体，混合有母液，通过蒸发获得。 

Maximum contaminant level.

A slurry mixer used to commingle raw sugar and affination syrup to begin the process of transforming cane sugar into refined granulated product. Retention time and intense mixing are critical at this stage.

A method of filling a testing column, involving two resins intermingling with each other.

The water loss of a fully hydrated resin under controlled drying conditions.

The relative weight of a molecule on a scale where oxygen has a given weight of 16.

The smallest particle of an element or compound retaining its characteristics.

A single reactive molecule capable of combining with another different monomer to form a polymer. Where two different monomers combine the resulting polymer is called a polymer.

Mass Transfer Zone.

The electrical potential which an atom acquires when it gains one or more electrons; a characteristic of an anion.

A method of filling a testing column such that the resin to be tested remains between 2 plates; an upper distributor and an underdrain (packing support).

Hardness due to the prescence of minerals such as: chlorides, nitrates, and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which will not be precipitated by boiling.

An expression of the acidity of a solution; the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (pH I very acidic; pH 14, very basic; pH 7, neutral).

离子交换树脂必须具有抵抗磨损、高温和其他物理条件可能引起变化的特性。

液体和大有机分子在离子交换树脂中渗透程度的表示。凝胶树脂，即使被称为高度多孔，但与大孔树脂固有的大孔相比，其孔隙率也可以忽略不计。孔隙率也可定义为材料的空隙容积与其块体积之比。  

失去一个或多个电子的原子获得的电势；阳离子的特征。 

适合饮用的水。

一种阳离子胺盐，其中的氮原子具有四个与之结合的基团并带有正电荷。它们用作油润湿剂、缓蚀剂和页岩抑制剂以及杀菌剂。

一种特定的碱性基团 [-N(CH3)3+]，某些阴离子交换树脂的交换活性取决于它。通过有机自由基置换铵的氢原子而衍生得到的众多强碱及其盐中的任何一种。

来自井、湖泊、河流或地表水源的未经处理的水；天然无机物、离子、颗粒、细菌和寄生虫未被去除。

用于恢复离子交换系统容量的化合物溶液。可使用酸将阳离子交换剂恢复为氢型；盐水溶液可用于将阳离子交换剂转化为钠型。用碱性溶液处理可以使阴离子交换剂恢复活力。  

用于恢复离子交换系统容量的化合物溶液。可使用酸将阳离子交换剂恢复为氢型；盐水溶液可用于将阳离子交换剂转化为钠型。用碱性溶液处理可以使阴离子交换剂恢复活力。 

再生后的操作；冲出多余的再生剂溶液。

穿过含有强酸性或强碱性官能团的离子交换树脂，从而将盐转化为相应的酸或碱。 

离子交换树脂对两种离子的吸引力不同。离子交换介质对某些离子物种的亲和力比对其他离子物种的亲和力大，并优先吸附。 

The maximum amount of a substance that can be put into solution (maximum capacity).

Strongly Basic Anion (resin).

The difference in attraction of one ion over another by an ion exchange resin. Ion exchange media have a greater affinity for certain ionic species than for others and are preferentially sorbed. 

One action occurring followed by others in a given order, as opposed to simultaneous actions.

A synthetic, inorganic exchanger produced by the aqueous reaction of alkali with aluminum salts. 

The process of replacing hardness with sodium by cation exchange.

The flow per unit volume of resin, or gpm/ft³.

The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at a fixed temperature.

The resistance between opposite faces of a one-centimeter cube of a given substance and expressed as ohm-cm³.

An apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum, especially as transmitted or emitted by particular substances. In the case of ion exchange resins, it is used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution.

Relating to the spherical nature and whole bead content of a resin; the measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches tha of a mathematically perfect sphere. 

An ion exchange reaction occurring with a volume of liquid in continuous contact with a volume of resin.

A slotted or screened sieve to filter a flowing stream of water.

Relating to or denoting quantities of reactants in simple integral ratios, as prescribed by an equation or formula.

The equivalent of strongly acidic or strongly basic resins and capable of splitting neutral salts. They're good conductors of electric current in a solution. 

A specific strong base acidic group (S03H) on which depends the exchange activity of certain cation exchange resins. They're frequently used as catalysts and for ion exchange.

Flow of water per unit of area, or gpm/ft².

To contain more in solution than is normal for a given temperature.

A graded-particle-size, high-density material such as gravel, anthrafil or quartz used to support the resin bed.

The expansion of an ion exchange bed which occurs when reactive groups on the resin are converted into certain forms. The amount of swelling partially depends on the elasticity of the resin. 

A process where the feed stream flows parallel to the membrane face. Applied pressure causes one portion of the flow stream to pass through the membrane while the remainder is recirculated back to the feed reservoir. Particles smaller than the pore size are pushed out through the filrate.  

Total Dissolved Solids  TDS = TS - TSS.

The hardness present in a water associated with the bicarbonate (alkalinity) and usually expressed in mg/l or ppm as CaCO₃ or in meq/l.

When regenerant is used on two vessels in series in one operation. For example, in a demin plant cation - anion - polishing cation, where the acid used to regenerate the main cation goes through the small polishing cation first (giving it in effect a free regeneration).

The amount of solution treated prior to the exhaustion of the ion exchange resin; the amount of material or items passing through a system or process.

The amount of solution passed through an exchange bed before exhaustion of the resin. 

To determine the amount of a substance in solution by adding a measured amount of another substance to produce a desired reaction or endpoint.

Total Mineral Acidity or anions.

Total Organic Carbon.

All the dissolved salts present in a feed supply.

A single ion exchange system, such as SAC and  SBA, capable of producing the treated water desired, with multiple trains being duplicates of the single system.

Total Suspended Solids.  TSS = TS - TDS.

Ultrafiltration or uncertainty factor.

A variety of membrane filtration in which forces like pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Typically, these membranes will remove high molecular-weight substances, colloidal materials, and organic and inorganic polymeric molecules.

Uses high-frequency, high-intensity sound waves in a liquid to facilitate or enhance the removal of foreign contaminants from surfaces submerged in an ultrasonically activated liquid. 

The operation of an ion exchange unit in which solutions are passed in at the bottom and out at the top of a container. 

Ultraviolet

A tower to which a vacuum is applied and through which water droplets descend to remove dissolved gases.

The combining power of an element, as measured by the number of hydrogen atoms it can displace or combine with. 

The state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency due to internal friction. 

Volatile Organic Contaminant.

The space between particles of ion exchange resin in a settled bed, also called interstitial volume. Also used in ion exchange chromatography.

Weak Acid Cation. Refers to a cation exchange resin typically with carboxylic acid functionality.

The unrecycled portion of the water used in the backwash, regeneration and rinse cycles.

Instantaneous surges of water pressure caused by sudden interruptions in water flow in pipe or tank systems.

A water-filled casing surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having intake and outlet vents to allow water to be pumped through and circulated. 

To exchange sodium for the hardness in water by ion exchange.

Weak Base Anion. Refers to an anion exchange resin with primary, secondary or tertiary amine functionality.

An electrolyte that gives a low percentage yield of ions when dissolved in water. 

A microporous, aluminosilicate mineral typically used as an ion-exchange bed in domestic and commercial water purification and softening. They have also been used as catalysts and sorbents.